Underage Drinking Essays - 1216 Words

â€Å"Automobiles are not ferocious.... it is man who is to be feared,† as Robbins B. Stoeckel remarked, enumerates a simple, yet fundamental concept- a vehicle in itself is a relatively safe, that is, until you put a person behind the controls. Further adding to the danger is the ever prevalent risk of a fellow driver being impaired by the usage of alcohol; perhaps the only thing that may make such a situation even more difficult and dangerous is one who is under the legal alcohol drinking age. Fewer situations are more life threatening than when an underage driver has been illegally consuming alcohol, yet persists in the belief that he or she retains the ability to drive safely. Thoughts along this line are foolish at best and deadly at†¦show more content†¦Simply remarking that such a decision is dangerous fails to suffice as concrete evidence of the negative effects of underage alcohol consumption, and so statistical evidence must be given. Approximately five thou sand underage drinkers die each year; the most prevalent cause is, not surprisingly, motor vehicle accidents. What many do not understand is what other factors constitute the other approximately three thousand; sixteen hundred to homicides, that is, murders and other deliberate killings, as well as 300 to suicide, usually caused by an exacerbation of underlying depression or other psychological difficulties. The remaining thousand are usually caused by such grisly circumstances as falling, burning, and drowning. While this may seem a relatively small number in the vast amounts of the twelve to twenty year old age group, estimates are that within the past month one-quarter of underage persons used alcohol, while two-thirds of those were binge drinkers. Not only does underage drinking increase the chance of dying in related incidents it encourages other destructive behaviors: engage in sexual activities, carry a plethora of illegal substances, and correlations have even been found tha t links underage drinking to poor performance in school. Other observations have been made that negatively link underage drinking with mentalShow MoreRelatedUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreUnderage Drinking1369 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage Drinking Introduction Underage drinking has long been, and continues to be, a serious public health concern. â€Å"Teen alcohol use kills more than 4700 people each year and high school students who use alcohol or other drugs are five times more likely to drop out of school† (MADD, 2014) than kids who do not. There have been years of underage drinking prevention programs to curtail the use of alcohol by those under 21 years of age and yet alcohol is the most widely used drug by adolescentsRead MoreUnderage Drinking851 Words   |  4 PagesUnderage drinking is becoming more of a noticeable problem in society, not only with high school students, but also with younger generations. Drinking is all over the television, the radio, and talked about in schools, public places, etc. Alcohol advertisements are more and more appealing to younger generations. If our youth is educated at a younger age, if school policies were stricter, and if clubs and bars cracked down on underage drinking the problem woul d not be as serious. Youth should beRead MoreThe Effects Of Drinking On Underage Drinking3458 Words   |  14 PagesEffects Drinking has on Underaged Drinkers Underage drinking is the most abused substance in the U.S, and accounts for over 4,300 deaths yearly. Drinking, is not only unhealthy but even worse for developing teens. The human brain doesn’t stop developing until 25. It impairs judgment, causes brain damage, and most importantly lifestyles. Nineteen percent of underage people 16 to 20 got in the car with intoxicated drivers. This caused $68 billion dollars in medical bills. When an underage drinkerRead MoreUnderage Drinking And Teenage Drinking1584 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Wilmore Joshua James, Instructor ENG 111 07 July 2015 Underage Drinking â€Å"With such compelling information, the question is why haven t we been able to do more to prevent the crisis of underage drinking? The answer is: rising the age to 25† is what Lucille Roybal-Allard once said, a U.S. Representative for serving in Congress since 1993. This statement has brought many to speculate of issues and debates. This expression opened the eyes of American people that often struggled to make this truthRead MoreUnderage Drinking And Teenage Drinking1584 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Wilmore Joshua James, Instructor ENG 111 07 July 2015 Underage Drinking â€Å"With such compelling information, the question is why haven t we been able to do more to prevent the crisis of underage drinking? The answer is: rising the age to 25† is what Lucille Roybal-Allard once said, a U.S. Representative for serving in Congress since 1993. This statement has brought many to speculate of issues and debates. This expression opened the eyes of American people that often struggled to make this truthRead More Underage Drinking Essay644 Words   |  3 Pagesor be in an accident. But many lives are taken away because of underage drinking. These people are killed in an instant, squashed like bugs on a windshield. They never get to grow up and fulfill their dreams. They become that bum on the street, staggering around and yelling obscene comments. They are like the stray dog that never really finds a place in life. So what is the solution to this problem? Stop the underage drinking. Americans today need to wait until they are mature enough toRead MoreThe Dangers of Underage Drinking775 Words   |  4 Pagesand would not have the responsibility to drink. If teens drink a certain amount of alcohol it could be lethal by alcohol poisoning. â€Å"Alcohol can enter the blood stream; binge drinkers can ingest a fatal dose of alcohol before passing out.† (â€Å"Binge Drinking Can Be Fatal†). The legal minimum age should not be lowered, teens under 21 don’t have the responsibility to get intoxicated and those include car accidents, homicides, suicides, and other injuries. I’m going to tell you why minors should not drinkRead MoreUnderage Drinking in Australia683 Words   |  3 PagesUnderage drinking is rapidly becoming a widespread matter within Australia. It is considered to be a serious problem not only nationally, but also globally wide. Underage drinking has climbed its way up the ladder to one of the most common forms of substance use. â€Å"The health risks that accumulate over a lifetime from alcohol increase progressively – this means that the more young people drink, the greater the risk† (Windle, Spear, Fuligni, Angold, Drown, Pine, Smith, Giedd, Dahl 2009). Some statesRead MoreThe Consequences Of Underage Drinking1745 Words   |  7 PagesConsequences of Underage Drinking While alcohol may not be the most dangerous of drugs, it is harmful nonetheless. There have been many research studies done by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism that prove this to be true. Binge drinking is drinking with the purpose of getting drunk, and is the most common form of alcohol consumption while it is also the most dangerous. There have been numerous researches by other organizations and scientists that have demonstrated just how dangerous

General H. Norman Schwarzkops Involvement in the Conflict...

In 1990, the U.S. found itself in the middle of a conflict between Iraq and Kuwait. Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over the country and was threatening the world’s oil economy. General H. Norman Schwarzkopf is the Commander in Chief of the United States Army Central Command, CENTCOM, at the time and is about to make his mark in military history. GEN Schwarzkopf along with GEN Colin Powell will become the newest military commanders to lead the U.S. military into battle. This conflict will go down in history as one of the fastest battles of all times. This will also bring to end the career of one of the U.S. military’s greatest leaders. On August 22, 1934, Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was born in Trenton, New Jersey to Herbert†¦show more content†¦In 1971 now Colonel Schwarzkopf returned to the United States. The Army sent him out to talk to civilian groups about the war. Schwarzkopf was shocked at the depth of public hostility to the war and to the military. He came to believe that the government had embarked on a military venture with unclear objectives, no support from the public and a confused strategy that made victory impossible. For a time, he considered leaving the service, but determined that he would stay, and that any war fought under his command would be conducted very differently. Over the next 20 years, Schwarzkopf worked his way up the ranks, alternating between administrative positions in Washington, and command assignments with infantry divisions throughout the U.S. and Germany. In 1988 Schwarzkopf was promoted to General and was assigned as Commander in Chief of CENTCOM, located at McDill Air Force Base. CENTCOM is responsible for operations in the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. In his capacity as commander, Schwarzkopf prepared a detailed plan for the defense of the oil fields of the Persian Gulf against a hypothetical invasion by Iraq. Within months, Iraq invaded Kuwait, and Schwarzkopf’s plan h ad an immediate practical application. In August 1990 Iraq Invaded Kuwait and took over the country. The United States was tasked with defending Saudi

Ashley Treatment Paper free essay sample

The Ashley treatment also involves removing the growth factors such as the removal of breath buds and uterus and these are against the natural laws. As doctors, we should do anything possible to benefit the patient and not cause even more pain to a child who is already suffering. This argument is related to the natural law theory where the doctor thinks the Ashley treatment is preventing nature to take its course. It also relates to the non-maleficence principle because the doctor thinks we should not add any more pain to the patient. This is a short term vs. ong term situation because by conducting theses surgery under the Ashley treatment, the patient will no longer be able to repossesses puberty, breast buds and height. I oppose with this doctor’s viewpoint because the purpose of removing uterus and breast buds is for the convenience of the patient. Pillow angels only has the intelligence of infants so it’s already impossible for them to take care of themselves for t he most basic actions such as eating and sitting, let alone adding menstrual cycle and puberty pain. The surgery under the Ashley treatment only induces a little pain on the patient with pain control nd this would benefit the patient for a long time after the surgery. The estrogen therapy to inhibit the growth of the patient will make it easier for the caregivers to take care of the patient and this is very important because the decision of having the Ashley patient also affects the caregivers significantly. My viewpoint is related to the utilitarianism theory in that I think having the treatment provides the greatest good. It also relates to the beneficence principle, which is to do everything that is best for the patient. The concept related to this argument is short term vs. long term because having the surgery is a one-time thing, but it can benefit both the patient and the family for a really long time. Doctor 2: The Ashley treatment is a violation of the civil rights of individuals, and it should be prohibited. Parents have rationalized that this is an OK thing to do, but it treats people as though they have no worth. This will be a slippery slope that could end with the idea that people with disabilities dont have to be kept alive or integrated in society. This viewpoint associates with deontological theory because the doctor thinks it is not right to treat people by limiting their growth. In addition, this viewpoint is also related to the justice principle because it emphasizes that people with disability should have equal rights as normal people do and that the Ashley treatment is a violation of the human civil rights. The concept related to this viewpoint of justice vs. mercy, the doctor’s viewpoint is supporting justice because he thinks all human have equal rights. I oppose with this viewpoint because the Ashley treatment’s intent is to improve patient quality’s life, not to take away the civil right of an individual. The parents only chose to undergo the Ashley treatment because they believe it is going to improve the patient’s quality of life. Moreover, the reason that the parent chose to undergo the estrogen therapy was because it will be better to care for the patient at home and also because the parents think no one else would provide better care for their own child, which is reasonable. The disability people have has a wide range of severity from not being able to walk to a pillow angel. The Ashley treatment is not violating human rights for the fact that the doctors remove breast buds and uterus from a patient; this action only helps the patient from experiencing more pain. Moreover, pillow angels are impossible to survive on their own so they should not be considering the same as other people with disability. People who are not able to walk can still move themselves around with a wheelchair but a pillow angel would die if no one takes cares of her, that’s why it’s important to also consider the ability and convenience of the caretakers. This viewpoint associates with Utilitarianism because it looks at the consequence that patient that undergo the Ashley treatment is eventually better off. This also relates to the beneficence principle because I think the treatment is going to benefit the patient. Doctor 3: In Ashley’s case, the parents are making all the decision without the patient’s consent. To let a child undergo those surgeries is very cruel and against the natural law. The surgery doesn’t help improve Ashley’s quality of life but the parent’s quality of life. As doctors, we should make medical decisions based on what’s best for the patient. In this case, what’s best for the patient is to let her grow up naturally and experience what a normal human being would experience. The parents are merely choosing the Ashley treatment because it’s more convenient for them to take care of the patient. This argument is associated with the natural law theory because the doctor things that it’s best to let the patient grow up naturally. In addition, it’s also related to the respect for autonomy principle because he states that parents are making the decision without the patient’s acknowledgement. Lastly, it’s associated with the justice vs. mercy concept where the doctor supports justice because he thinks the patients deserves to grow up normally like all the other human beings. I disagree with this argument because first of all, it’s impossible for the patient to make any decision or contribute her thoughts given that she’s a pillow angel with the IQ of an infant. She will never get any more intelligent as she grows up and that’s why her parents need to make the decision for her. Of course her parents would want her to grow up naturally but given the situation she’s in today, growing up to a adult size would make taking care of her a really big problem. The patient will only be better off if her parents are able to take good care of her and the only way to achieve that is to let her remain in a children’s size. The doctors should do anything that would help the patient and the parents therefore getting the Ashley treatment is the right step to take. The decision of having the Ashley treatment will make the life easier for the patient and the family in the long run. This argument is following the utilitarianism theory because it is looking at the consequence of the Ashley treatment that provides the greatest good. It’s also related to the beneficence principle because it states that the doctors should do anything beneficial to the patient. Lastly, it’s related to the short term vs. long term concept because the patients and family’s life will be better off in the long run.

When Organizational Behavior Needs Changes Summaries of Articles

Tuckman’s Model and the Opportunities It Offers: Small Group Development Considering Tuckman’s model of stages of group development, Bonebright considers the model in relation to the development of smaller groups within an organization. It is essential that Bonebright not only provides an account of the model suggested by Tuckman, but also does so from the historical perspective.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on When Organizational Behavior Needs Changes: Summaries of Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the results of the research, the model suggested by Tuckman has stood the test of time, providing â€Å"practical perspective and commonsense approach† (Bonebright, 2010, 118). As Bonebright mentions, the given model can be considered timeless, since it introduces an approach that is likely to work in most small groups of employees: â€Å"unlikely that a model with similar impact will come out of the new literature† (Bonebright 119). Despite the fact that Bonebright does not establish any revolutionary discoveries in the article, she still offers an honest and detailed account of the theory that seemed to have worn out its welcome several years before. Jiatao’s Factional Groups and the Rearrangement of Organizational Behavior Unlike the previously mentioned paper, in which no major groundbreaking ideas are offered, the article by Jiatao and Hambrick suggests a new phenomenon for consideration, namely, the one of factual groups. According to the authors of the research, factual groups are groups of people who constitute two or more social entities. Hence, the authors offer a new means to considering the conflicts within a group of employees, and, therefore, new methods to solve these conflicts. Analyzing the relationship between the factual faultiline size, two different types of conflicts emerging in a factional group, i.e., emotional co nflicts and task conflicts, and the following behavioral disintegration, the authors of the research make it evident that â€Å"in factional groups, large demographic fault-lines between factions will bring about task conflict and emotional conflict, and in turn behavioral disintegration† (Jiatao Hambrick, 2005, 800). The given paper is essential in learning the nature of conflicts within groups of employees and searching for the means to solve these conflicts. Discussing the Reasons for a Workplace Deviant Behavior: Kantur’s Theoretical Premises There is no secret that, though workplace behavior can and must be regulated according to the rules of the company, the actual behavior of the employees can sometimes leave much to be desired. Kantur considers the instances of workplace deviant behavior, detecting the key factors that contribute to the instances of the corporate behavioral rules and lead to deviant behavior among the employees. The researcher specifies nine q uestions, the answers to which help identify the source of the problem within the team of employees.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kantur, there are two key issues that lead to poor performance of a group of employees, which are emotional conflicts and behavioral disintegration. As Kantur’s research results show, most difficulties arise in the least homogenous teams, especially if the variables are either gender or ethnics (Kantur 809). The given paper shows in a very graphic way the specifics of relationships among employees, as well as the levels of adjustment among the latter. Virtuousness and Happiness as the Cornerstones of Successful Performance Of all assets of a typical employee, organizational virtuousness and content are seemingly less important than the ability to provide quality services on time. However, when considering the given issue a little bit closer, one will have to admit that the employees’ state of mind has quite an impact on the quality of services which they deliver. Hence, dealing with such issues as organizational virtuousness and happiness and their impact on employees’ performance and the citizenship behaviors, Rego, Ribeiro Cunha contribute considerably to defining the relationships between the organizational virtuousness and the affective well-0being of the employees. Speaking of the key research results, one will have to mention the five-factor model which Rego, Ribeiro Cunha have introduced. According to the authors of the research, there are several elements that make together the bulk for employees’ job satisfaction and the feeling of comfort, namely, optimism, trust, compassion, integrity, and forgiveness, which together make organizational virtuousness. As the researchers explain, with the help of the given elements, the atmosphere in a team can be improved significantl y. Meanwhile, in the team with none of the above-mentioned present, the productivity will soon be reduced to zero. The given paper helps to understand that efficient leadership system is supposed to take into account not only the needs and wants of the entire team, but also the ambitions of every single member in particular, making sure that each of the employees is perfectly content with his position and his job. Once there is a single discrepancy and an uncomfortable element in the working process, the productivity can be hindered. With the help of the results of the given research, one can build an efficient strategy for improving the current performance of the employees. Offering a detailed account of the factors that impact the quality of employees’ work, Rego, Ribeiro Cunha help shape the idea of an appropriate organizational behavior standard.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on When Organizational Behavior Needs Changes: Summaries of Articles spe cifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Bonebright, D. (2010) A. 40 years of storming: a historical review of Tuckman’s model of small group development. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), 111-120. Jiatao, L. Hambrick, D. C. (2005). Factional groups: A new vantage on demographic faultlines, conflict, and disintegration in work teams. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 794-813. Kantur, D. (2010). Emotional motives and attitudinal reflections of workplace deviant behavior. The Business Review, 14(2), 70-77. Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., Cunha, M. P. (2009). Perceptions of organizational virtuousness and happiness as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 215-235. This article on When Organizational Behavior Needs Changes: Summaries of Articles was written and submitted by user Cynthia M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Background of the Civil War Essay

A Background of the Civil War Essay A Background of the Civil War Essay Civil War Background In the mid-19th century, while the United States was experiencing an era of tremendous growth, a fundamental economic difference existed between the country's northern and southern regions. While in the North, manufacturing and industry was well established, and agriculture was mostly limited to small-scale farms, the South's economy was based on a system of large-scale farming that depended on the labor of black slaves to grow certain crops, especially cotton and tobacco. Growing abolitionist sentiment in the North after the 1830s and northern opposition to slavery's extension into the new western territories led many southerners to fear that the existence of slavery in americaand thus the backbone of their economywas in danger. In 1854, the U.S. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which essentially opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict. Pro- and anti-slavery forces struggled violently in "Bleeding Kansas," while opposition to the act in the North led to the formation of the Republican Party, a new political entity based on the principle of opposing slavery's extension into the western territories. After the Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case (1857) confirmed the legality of slavery in the territories, the abolitionist John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry in 1859 convinced more and more southerners that their northern neighbors were bent on the destruction of the "peculiar institution" that sustained them. Lincoln's election in November 1860 was the final straw, and within three months seven southern statesSouth Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texashad seceded from the United States. Outbreak of the Civil War (1861) Even as Lincoln took office in March 1861, Confederate forces threatened the federal-held Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12, after Lincoln ordered a fleet to resupply Sumter, Confederate artillery fired the first shots of the Civil War. Sumter's commander, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after less than two days of bombardment, leaving the fort in the hands of Confederate forces under Pierre G.T. Beauregard. Four more southern statesVirginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennesseejoined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter. Border slave states like Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland did not secede, but there was much Confederate sympathy among their citizens. Though on the surface the Civil War may have seemed a lopsided conflict, with the 23 states of the Union enjoying an enormous advantage in population, manufacturing (including arms production) and railroad construction, the Confederates had a strong military tradition, along with some of the best soldiers and commanders in the nation. They also had a cause they believed in: preserving their long-held traditions and institutions, chief among these being slavery. In the First Battle of Bull Run (known in the South as First Manassas) on July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson forced a greater number of Union forces (or Federals) to retreat towards Washington, D.C., dashing any hopes of a quick Union victory and leading Lincoln to call for 500,000 more recruits. In fact, both sides' initial call for troops had to be widened after it became clear that the war would not be a limited or short conflict. The Civil War in Virginia (1862) George B. McClellanwho replaced the aging General Winfield Scott as supreme commander of the Union Army after the first months of the warwas beloved by his troops, but his reluctance to advance frustrated Lincoln. In the spring of 1862, McClellan finally led his Army of the Potomac up the peninsula between the York and James Rivers, capturing

8 Famous People That Were Expelled From College

8 Famous People That Were Expelled From College Usually we imagine college dropouts as street walkers and bums.  However, a lot of people have reached success despite being kicked out of college. Their lack of degree has been more than compensated by wealth and fame. Talent and ambition are the most important factors of prosperity. E ven a college degree cant guarantee successful future. Many celebrities were expelled from college because of different reasons, but still we all know their names. Here are the famous people who made out just fine without earning their degrees. Steve Jobs Probably there are no people who dont know the story of Steve Jobs. Co-founder of Apple dropped out of Reed College after six months of studying. However, he was lucky to get into computers and started attended meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. That was his successful start in the computer industry. Probably the Mac, iPhone and iPad wouldnt have existed if Steve Jobs stayed at school. The results of his work are so significant that at the time of his death, his net cost was $11 billion. Really cool for a college dropout. Mark Zuckerberg College students use their dorm rooms for studying, sleeping, eating, hanging out with friends. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in his. When the networking sites popularity exploded, he left Harvard and never returned to studying. Now we cant imagine our life without Facebook, the Zuckerbers decision has worked out pretty well for the twenty-something. Lady Gaga Before she became Lady Gaga, she was Stefani Germanotta. She attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, but never graduated from it. Lady Gaga dropped out after just a year in order to pursue her music career. She broke onto the New York club scene with amazing burlesque performances and conquered the love of the audience with her unique style and great songs. Princess Diana Diana Spenser attended West Heath Girls School but failed all her 0-level examinations. Then she visited a finishing school in Switzerland but dropped out from there as well. Diana went to work as a part-time assistant at the day care center. At the age of 19 her working days were over as she became engaged to Prince Charles. Albert Einstein Could you think that one of the greatest scientists and thinkers in the world history had a troubling school life? He was expelled from high school for rebellious behavior and failed the entrance exam to the Zurichs Federal Institute of Technology. Later he returned to FIT and finished his eduction. Salvador Dali The prominent surrealist painter was expelled from the Academy of Art in Madrid. Dali was kicked out because of criticizing his professors and disturbing the peace. He said that his professors were not qualified enough to grade him on exams. In his career Salvador Dali produced over 1,500 paintings, dozens of sculptures, designs for theater sets. People from all over the world enjoy his works displayed at different museums and permanent exhibitions. Harrison Ford The star of Indiana Jones and Star Wars attended Ripon College but was expelled right before graduation. Now he is known all over the world as a great actor and film producer. His career has spanned six decades and no doubt, his input into the film industry is enormous. Rachel Ray This cooking TV show star didnt attend college and had no special qualification in the culinary. Actually its hard to believe that her net is estimated of $60 million now. Great for someone who didnt even apply to college! She took part in many popular shows and programs and is a successful cooking star and businesswoman. The point of the list above is: always have a goal and work at that goal every single day. Dream big and work towards your dreams. Good luck!

Nando's Opening Restaurant in Hong Kong - Business Plan Essay

Nando's Opening Restaurant in Hong Kong - Business Plan - Essay Example In certain countries, Nando's has other savor selections like Mediterranean or mango and lime. This paper looks at the 9-steps business model for Nando’s Opening a restaurant in Hong Kong, China. Destination Introduction – Hong Kong Contemporary Hong Kong has a primarily service-centered economy (Hong Kong Census, 2007),  plus restaurant industries serve as a chief economic provider. With the third-thickest population per square meters in the whole world plus harboring a populace of around 7 million (Hong Kong Statistics, 2007),  Hong Kong is host to a restaurant business with powerful competition. Because of its small geographical proportions, Hong Kong comprises a great number of restaurants per unit area. The target clientele of the Nando’s is people from all walks of life. ... Business receipts in record chief service industries increased in worth in the second quarter for year 2008 over the same passe last year. Restaurant business receipts propagated 15.3%, while those for blanket retail, plus import and export line of work, up surged 14.3% and14.1% (www.news.gov.hk). Franchising in Hong Kong Hong Kong is a perfect destination for Nandos’. Private surveys and social networking web sites reveal that a huge number of people in Hong Kong are want Nando’s to start in Hong Kong as the ‘Peri Peri’ taste of chicken is traditional of Nando’s. The notion of franchising has been rising in Hong Kong for the preceding decade. More than 80% of the franchise maneuvers in Hong Kong have foreign basis. Home-grown franchises have also established, particularly in catering (Li, 2010). Location Target location to open the Nando’s restaurant in Hong Kong is at Wellington Street right besides Stanley Street, Queens Road. Nando’ s first branch will be right beside the ‘Kee Club’ (Please click the link in the references section to view the location). The purpose for choosing this spot is that offers a perfect location to start a chicken restaurant business. It has empty apartments for new entrants as well as full-functioning restaurants. Another attraction for choosing this location is ‘Yung Kee’ restaurant, which has the specialty in cooking goose and ducks. Our project, Nando’s is a master in chicken and its products. ‘Yung Kee Restaurant’ will serve as a supplement for our business – they will be serving ducks and goose and here in our restaurant, we will be serving chicken and its related products and sauces (Google Maps, 2011). Other restaurants on the opposite side of the road include Tsui Wah

Fashion Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Media - Essay Example Fashion writing may not follow the overall procedural and deontological aspects of professionalism in journalism, particularly because pieces of fashion will most likely be trends and tendencies that are purely subjective or speculative. Fashion writing encompasses a number of varied tasks including, but not limited to, writing or editing articles, formulation and styling of fashion shoots, researching and/or conducting interviews, as well as, establishing contacts with significant people in the fashion industry such as photographers, and designers. Fashion and media have been inseparable entities over the years since media plays a very significant core role in the fashion industry; this has instigated the rise of a distinctive area in media known as fashion journalism. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets thr ough which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be inferred from the pervasiveness of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. Fashion magazines such as the Vogue or the Runway Magazine, fashion segments on entertainment shows, as well as shows dedicated to fashion such as Fashion Television, in addition to, fashion blogs and press coverage provides publicity for the fashion industry (Iannacci, 2011). Vogue fashion magazine Founded in 1892 by Arthur Turnure, the Vogue magazine is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine, which is... This essay describes the intricate relationship between fashion and media that has evolved over the years, leading to the establishment of the distinctive field of fashion writing or fashion journalism, which exclusively focuses on fashion trends and tendencies in the modern age. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be associated with the ubiquity of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. In recent times, fashion has been re-evaluated, not only in terms of its credibility as an area of scholarly investigation, but also in terms of its place, particularly in western cultures. Fashion debates in fashion writing have often dwelt on the similarities and differences between fashion and art. The rise of innovative communication tools such as the internet and the pervasiveness of media in mainstream society have further enhanced the relationship between media and the f ashion industry. Presently, editorial critiques, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets through which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. To conclude, the researcher sums up the purposes of modern fashion writing and states that fashion writing provides critiques of the fashion industry, particularly on new trends and tendencies, or pieces of designers in the fashion world.

The Issues With Faculty Performance Reviews Essay Example for Free

The Issues With Faculty Performance Reviews Essay The peer review faculty evaluation system creates big sources of issues and confusion for a variety of reasons. Foremost among the reasons is the nature of interaction between peers in the education setting. Feedback provided, whether positive or negative, is oftentimes skewed due to personal relationships. Personal opinions that should not be present in a professional atmosphere take on added importance when it comes to determining the performance of the faculty. One partial solution to this problem is distributing anonymous peer reviews. If the identity of the person giving the advice is kept confidential, people will be more open to providing honest feedback because they will not violate issues of personal trust and friendship. On the other hand, anonymity also protects those who have personal vendettas against a particular faculty member without recourse to personal accountability. That being said, the peer review system should be anonymous. It is impossible to keep personal interests out of these reviews, but keeping them anonymous can shield against part of the confusion, however it will not eliminate it altogether because people are partial to colleagues they get along with, regardless of the performance in the classroom. Peer reviews need to be balanced against both student and administrative feedback in order to complete a more nuanced picture of the overall faculty performance.

Biotechnology Study Guide :: essays research papers

BIOTECHNOLOGY 1- Biotechnology is various methods that use living organisms to make products or provide services. 2- 4 Products of biotechnology are yogurt, cheese, bread, and beer 3- Selective breeding is breeding individuals with specific traits to get an offspring with similar traits. 4- Reproductive technology is the term given to an area of study involving cell biology and DNA 5- 3 Possible benefits of reproductive technology are : ïÆ'  ,possible increase of the world’s food supply ïÆ'  ,producing new types of foods ïÆ'  ,uncovers treatment for various diseases 6- DNA is called a nucleic acid because it is found in the cell’s nucleus and is acidic. 7- A Nucleotide is a segment of DNA that is composed of 1 sugar molecule, 1 phosphate group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases. (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) 8- One of the most important messages carried by DNA is instructions for making proteins. a ) This is important because protein molecules make up most of the structure of cells and tissues in plants and animals. b ) enzymes and hormones are included in proteins. 9- i ) A codon is made up of 3 consecutive bases, C-T-A. i i ) DNA contains the instructions on how amino acids should be assembled, which then determines how the codons must be put together. i i i ) Codons recognize particular amino acids. i v ) Amino acids are strung together to form proteins. v ) The number, order, and kinds of amino acids determines the structure and function of the protein. v i ) â€Å"Protein A† is formed by 2 amino acids v i i ) The segment of DNA with the instruction to form â€Å"Protein A† is called â€Å"gene A†. 10- Mutations are made when mistakes are made with the characteristics of a cell.

Lower Levels of Convictions of Woman for Criminal Offences Essay

Assess explanations that sociologists have offered for lower levels of convictions of woman for criminal offences Sociologists have offered explanations for lower levels of convictions for woman for criminal offences. For example women are treated more leniently and woman are socialised to commit less crime in the first place. Most crime appears to be committed by men. According to recent national statistics men are four times more likely to commit a crime than woman. For example official statistics suggests there are gender differences in the types of crimes committed such as men committee violent crime and woman committee shoplifting. One explanation for the lower levels of convictions of women is that they are treated more leniently. One explanation that has been put forward is that the agents of criminal justice such as police officers, magistrates and judges are men and men are socialised to act in a chivalrous manner towards women. In the 1950s Pollack argued that men felt they had to protect women, so the criminal justice system is more lenient towards them. So there are some crimes that are less likely to turn into official statistics. This then does not give an accurate understanding in rates of offending and official statistics will show the extent of gender differences. Women are also more likely than men to be cautioned rather than prosecuted. For example, the Ministry of justice figures for 2009, show that 49% of female offenders were cautioned compared to only 30% of men. Similarly Hood’s study of over 3,000 defendants found that woman were about one-third less likely to be jailed in similar cases. However, there is evidence against the chivalry thesis. Box argues women who commit serious offences are not treated more favourably than men. He argues women show remorse which may be why they get cautioned rather than going to court. Heidensohn argues that in fact when women commit more serious crimes and deviate from expected norms of behaviour they are punished more harshly. For example stereotypical gender roles influence judges decisions. Heidensohn accepts there has been an increase in female crime but it’s due to poverty and being socially marginalised. Walklate argues that in rape case it is often not the defendant who is on trial but the victim. Steffensmeier argues that women are treated more leniently in court because judges are reluctant to separate woman from their children. Another reason that could explain lower conviction rates for women is that they are socialised to commit less crime in the first place. Functionalists argue that lower levels of females crime can be explained by gender role socialisation and the expressive role that Parsons argues is the one that women take on within the home. While men go out to work and take the instrumental role as provider, women are socialised to be gentle and nurturing. Parsons argues that boys reject feminine role models they engage in what Parson calls compensatory compulsory masculinity and become aggressive and anti-social behaviour which can slip over into an act of delinquency. Cohen argues that boys that are more likely to join gangs to gain stats and identity. Whereas the girls have their mothers as role models which means they are less likely to behave in anti-social ways. However, critics of the sex role theory are that this view is dated and boys and girls have different role models and influences in their life to the ones illustrated by Parsons. Walklate criticises sex role theory for its biological assumptions. Parson assumes that women are best suited to the expressive role as women gave birth to children. Feminists are interested in how patriarchal society controls women, and this control might explain lower levels of criminality and therefore lower conviction rates. Heidensohn argues the most different thing about women’s behaviour is how conformist it is as women commit fewer crimes than men. Heidensohn notes that women are controlled in a number of ways. For example women are controlled by the amount of time they have to spend looking aft er home and children. Also in the public domain women are controlled by the threat of male violence especially sexual violence. The Islington Crime Survey found that 54% of women avoided going out alone. This therefore reduces their opportunity to offend. However Carlen explains how some women commit crime when they are let down by patriarchal society. It is the failure of patriarchal society to deliver the promised deals that removes the controls. Cohen argues that working class women are led to conform by what she calls the class deal which is being offered rewards at work that allow a good standard of living. Also the gender deal where women have rewards from family life by living a normal domestic gender role. Critics argue that this underplays the importance of free will and choice in offending. Adler argues that as society changes so women may turn to crime. He uses the liberation thesis to argue that as women become liberated from patriarchy female crime rates will rise. As society changes so too have women’s roles within it. There is evidence to support this for example female offending rates have risen. However, critics argue that female crime rates started growing in the 1950s before the women’s liberation movement. In conclusion, the main reason why there are lower levels of convictions of women is because the criminal justice system is more lenient towards women. This is due to men protecting the women and official statistics show that men are more likely to commit crime than women.

Good and Bad Stress

As is the case with most people, a stigma is carried with the perception that asking for help is a sign of weakness. So much so is this fact that people have taken their own lives, before doing so. This is a universal problem that, to date has no solution. The prevalence of this problem is so severe education has been enforced almost to a mandatory level. Organizations have made suicide prevention training as such a part of the Job now that it almost seems routine.As with soldiers that are expected to operate in high stress environments, so are officers and the risk of the pressure becoming too much is always there. An Organization known as SAVE (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education) has dedicated its mission to prevention and education, as we now know that one of the biggest defenses we have to this horrible problem is an educational offense. Knowledge is power. We need stress. Our bodies endure stress everyday and a certain amount of stress is healthy.It is once we endure more tha n we can perceptively handle that the risk of suicide becomes prevalent. Most individuals in high stress professions excel under certain stressful situations, yet another reason that it takes a certain type of person to be able to handle the demands of police work, but every person is different and their body reaction to stress may be more severe. It is here that we see a stigma arise, in that an individual sees a counterpart that handles certain situations differently and perceptively better than they themselves creating a feeling of inadequacy.It is because of perception that so many lives are lost due to this not so silent killer. Page 3 of 4 No singular definition can be used to pinpoint a definition for stress, but we are certain that â€Å"good† stress is known to be helpful. It's the bad stuff that we have to look out for. In the past, law enforcement suicides often were ruled accidental deaths, and they are still underreported, Dandies says. â€Å"Most of us agree th at the statistics are probably much higher than we actually know, because of the shame factor. † (http://Saturday's. Saturdays. Com)If those in need of help would look past the stigma of weakness associated with getting help would we see a decrease in these senseless losses? Of course! â€Å"†These folks are taught to suppress their emotions and soldier forward,† says Elizabeth Dandies, a psychologist who works with California police agencies in the aftermath of suicides. â€Å"It's very difficult for them to admit they need help. † And I agree. I myself served five years as an Army PM and had to sit through countless hours of Suicide Prevention Training and memorizing a mantra using an acronym ACE.Ask your buddy Care for your buddy Escort you buddy Did I encounter individuals that could've benefited from counseling and refused to go?

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War Between England and France lasted for more than a hundred years (1337–1453) of off and on conflict  before England appeared to have been defeated. Any conflict lasting this long would cause changes, and the aftermath of the wars affected both nations. The Uncertain End While we now recognize that a distinctive phase of Anglo-French conflict ended in 1453, there was no peace settlement in the Hundred Years War, and the French remained prepared for the English to return for some time. For their part, the English crown didn’t give up its claim on the French throne. Englands continued invasions werent so much an effort at recovering their lost territory, but because Henry VI had gone mad, and competing noble factions couldnt agree on past and future policy. This contributed greatly to England’s own struggle for power, known as the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of Henry VI during his mental illness. The conflict was partly fought by battle-hardened veterans of the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses tore at the elites of Britain  and killed many others as well. A watershed had been reached, however, and the French south was now permanently out of English hands. Calais remained under English control until 1558, and the claim on the French throne was only dropped in 1801.​ Effects on England and France France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition ruler by killing civilians, burning buildings, and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by ‘routiers,’ brigands- frequently soldiers - serving no lord and just pillaging to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes. Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘Hiroshima in Normandy. Of course, some people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. On the other hand, while tax in pre-war France had been occasional, in the post-war era it was regular and established. This extension of government was able to fund a standing army- which was built around the new technology of gunpowder- increasing both royal power and revenue, and the size of the armed forces they could field. France had begun the journey to an absolutist monarchy which would characterize  later centuries. In addition, the damaged economy soon began to recover. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organized tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fell greatly over the war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions such as Normandy and Aquitaine. For a while, however, some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder taken from France, building houses and churches back in England. The Sense of Identity Perhaps the most lasting impact of the war, especially in England, was the emergence of a much greater sense of patriotism and national identity. This was in part due to publicity spread to gather taxes for the fighting, and partly due to generations of people, both English and French, knowing no situation other than war in France. The French crown benefited from triumphing, not just over England, but over other dissident French nobles, binding France closer as a single body.

8 Jobs That Won’t Exist in 2030

8 Jobs That Won’t Exist in 2030 Times are changing so rapidly, and the job market is going right along for the ride. You likely already know that technology is forcing many of the things we’re used to toward extinction. Non-electronic books? Soon to be a thing of the past. CDs? Try finding anyone under 20 who listens to them. But unfortunately, many jobs are getting swept out the door, as well. If you’re just entering the job market, or want to get a sense of your career trajectory, it’s wise to know which gigs probably won’t be around in 10 to 20 years before you’re stuck in a dead-end field. 1. LibrarianMore and more people are clearing out those paperbacks and downloading e-books on their Tablets and Kindles instead. The same goes for borrowing- as books fall out of favor, libraries are not as popular as they once were. That means you’ll have a tough time finding a job if you decide to become a librarian. Many schools and universities are already moving their libraries o ff the shelves and onto the Internet.2. Paperboy/PapergirlBooks are not the only paper-based reading materials in jeopardy. As more news junkies get their daily fix online, actual newspapers are falling out of favor. This is good news for trees but bad news for all the kids who once earned extra cash delivering papers door to door.3. CashierIt can be really nice to see a friendly face when paying for your groceries, but a lot of shoppers would rather just pay for their stuff and get out. Many retailers are catching onto this, as well as the cost-effectiveness of not having to pay cashiers, and are opting for self-checkout machines. This can be a real problem for the teenagers, college students, and adults looking for hourly work who rely on cashier jobs.4. ReceptionistIsn’t it annoying when you call a business and have to deal with an automated system that may not be able to answer your questions quickly and courteously? Too bad. Many businesses have adopted such systems, whi ch does not bode well for human receptionists. They may soon find themselves going the way of the dodo too.5. TelemarketerOkay, this one might actually seem like good news, because no one likes to have her or his day interrupted by telemarketers. Yes, telemarketers are no longer in high demand because of Internet-based marketing, though equally obnoxious â€Å"robo-calls† are still pretty common.6. Travel AgentSites such as Expedia and Travelocity have made booking a trip as easy as posting a few Tweets. However, there was a time when you would actually have to go to a travel agency and deal with a human being behind a desk to make arrangements to visit Disneyland. Those obsolete professionals are known as travel agents, and unfortunately, most of them have had to move on to other careers.7. Word ProcessorTyping was once a pretty common and obtainable office job. Word processing apps have made hiring living, breathing typists unnecessary. Such jobs are in a downward spiral li kely to hit bottom sometime in the next 20 years.8. Social Media ManagerLibraries and travel agencies probably seem pretty old fashioned- real products of the twentieth century. However, social media has only been a major force for 15   years or so. Yet even this relatively new technology is not safe from change. Actually, it is the popularity of social media that may force social media managers out of business. Who needs these experts when we’re all becoming experts? In 10 or 20 years, we may not even remember what a social media manager, cashier, or receptionist is.As you can see, jobs over the next decade will evolve in ways we can’t even imagine right now- you just have to be willing to go along  with the ride and adapt as the times around us change.  Although these 8 positions  may  still exist in some form in 2030, they most likely will come with different titles and require skillsets that positions of the past never required.

Using financial reports and accounts of your chosen 'WPP' analyse the Case Study

Using financial reports and accounts of your chosen 'WPP' analyse the results of the organisation highlighting trends in performance using appropriate and relevant ratios and analysis techniques - Case Study Example Notably, the company that was selected is AKQA that mainly deals in ideating and designing of digital products. This analysis would be aimed at creating the best use of financial ratios in ensuring that the company’s performance is effective. AKQA is an affiliate company that is under the WPP group of companies in the United Kingdom. Notably, the company mainly deals in creating innovative ideas and implementing the ideas to come up with the most digital products for their clients. In addition, the company deals in content creation, e-commerce, digital marketing, as well as product designing. Currently, the company’s major headquarters are found in London, United Kingdom and San Francisco, United States of America. As a company that mainly deals in digital products, AKQA has a social media team of practitioners who have unique expertise in innovation and leadership hence providing the company’s clients with a strong and stable competitive advantage. Notably, this helps the company to successfully traverse through multiple geographical regions, financial platforms and economic channels in delivering continuous solutions to its clients. Evidently, the company has branches in several countries such as Netherla nds, Germany, China, USA, UK, India and France. The company keeps financial records that can be used to analyse the various ratios that evaluates the company’s performance over a specific period [20]. Looking at the company’s annual report, it is evident that the company recorded a negative margin in billings between 2011 and 2012. Notably, the company recorded a decrease of -0.9% which resulted from a reduction in billings from  £44,792m in 2011 to  £44,405m in 2012. In addition, the company recorded a +3.5% increase in the amount of revenue. Evidently, the increase was as a result of the rise in the amount of revenue from  £10,022m in 2011 to

Impact of strategic public relations on cris Research Paper

Impact of strategic public relations on cris - Research Paper Example The unpreparedness of organizations for crisis management often implies they get caught off guard when a crisis occurs, meaning the response to and the handling of such a crisis would obviously be in jeopardy (American Petroleum Institute, 2008). In fact, that crises occur at any time from different sources such as human error, management incompetence, industrial accidents and natural disasters makes it rather difficult to foresee. In fact, most management teams, upon creating crises, deny the existence of the said crises, resulting in the accumulation and explosion of problems and the subsequent public uproar. An extensive literature review has revealed that it is the responsibility of managers, junior personnel, and owners to employ whatever means and resources at their disposal to prevent and solver crises before they cause extensive damages to a company’s reputation, productivity, profitability and survival (Parry et al., 2006). The mainly cited techniques of solving industrial and organizational crises are self-confidence, skills/competences and absorption of public fear/anger. All these strategies should be geared towards reducing or entirely eliminating the harm to an organization’s income and reputation. In fact, brilliant managers and owners may even manage and solve crises without the public hearing about the crisis. However, once a crisis becomes a public issue, strategic Public Relations (PR) is highly recommended for addressing such an issue. This literature review section explores the numerous PR strategies that the oil and gas industry stakeholders apply to mai ntain and improve their reputation when faced with crises. Because information travels quite fast in the contemporary society, crisis management planning has become a useful tool for the gas and oil industry, which is rather crisis-prone. It is, thus, imperative that

Letter to school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to school - Essay Example A calm and serene environment promotes and stimulates the inquisitive mind of a student. The company of knowledgeable and learned colleagues is an invigorating factor which encourages a student to learn by discussion and sharing. Staying in the main campus also saves a lot of time spent in commuting to and fro, which can be devoted to studious pursuits. Access to the campus library is another factor, where one can find all the pertinent books, journals, newspapers and articles for quick reference. All relevant departments are also within a stone’s throw and one can seek help of the faculty as and when required. I have adequate experience as a student as I come from a family with educational background. My father obtained his Ph.D. from the United States. Although I am of Korean descent, I was born in America and am well versed with the American way of life. My experience after serving in the army has matured me beyond my years and I understand the sanctity of a healthy educational pursuit. Although I don’t have the necessary credit, I am sure I will fulfill any deficiencies within a short period if I am given the opportunity to shift to the main campus. I have already established my residence nearby and there is no problem in sustaining myself in a congenial manner at the

History of Sensory Theatre

History of Sensory Theatre What does sensory theatre mean to the modern audience? Asone of the oldest art forms and as one of the primeval kinds of humanexpression, the nature of theatre is as varied across the continents aspainting, pottery, sculpture or any of the classic art-forms. Each civilization, each society, each gathering of humankind has had its personalform of theatrical performance from street artists to court jesters to nomadicplayers. Many would say that this variety at the very core of theatrical achievement is what has permitted theatre to take such a respected and crucialpart of our modern societies. Too often it is claimed that our present daylifestyles leave little time for abstract thinking and artistic appreciation orachievement. This is lamentable but thankfully not usually true. One need only observe the continuation of events such as the Welsh National Eisteddfod forhundreds of years to realize that the human desire and need for theatre willnever diminish. However, this is not to say that modern society has not changed theatre. It is only natural that artistic output should be modeled by the lifestyle surrounding it. After all, warlike civilizations such as the Vikings delighted in the narrating of age-old sagas whereas more enlightened peoples like the Ancient Greeks would draw inspiration from mythical dramas which detailed the flaws at the heart of humanity and their relationships with their gods, representing a search for elements greater than themselves. However,we can take it as certain that the theatrical productions of the last fiftyyears have overwhelmingly been part of a resurgence of theatrical diversity. Asthe free market has made nations more accessible to each other, a rise ininterest for all sorts of artistic expression has been felt around the world.Herein, we shall focus on the analysis and comprehension of one of these.Sensory theatre, or at least the old meaning of the term, is not a new concept.At its very core, much of what constitutes theatre relies heavily on the senses,both those of the audience and that of the actors. Nevertheless, at a time whenour fast-paced lifestyle seems to reject anything out of the ordinary or whichcan be labeled as different, it is refreshing to feel that this resurgence hasregenerated one of the truly great aspects of theatre, oft labeled as post-modernistbut one which links so much of relatively recent artistic output across theboundaries of different art forms: Post-modernity,in attacking the perceived elitist approach of Modernism, sought greaterconnection with broader audiences. This is often labelled accessibility andis a central point of dispute in the question of the value of postmodern art.It has also embraced the mixing of words with art, collage and other movementsin modernity, in an attempt to create more multiplicity of medium and message.Much of this centers on a shift of basic subject matter: postmodern artistsregard the mass media as a fundamental subject for art, and use forms, tropes,and materials such as banks of video monitors, found art, and depictions ofmedia objects as focal points for their artPostmodernisms critical stance isinterlinked with presenting new appraisals of previous works. As implied abovethe works of the Dada movement received greater attention, as didcollagists such as Robert Rauschenberg, whose works were initiallyconsidered unimportant in the context of the modernism of the 1950s, but who, bythe 1980 s, beganto be seen as seminal. Post-modernism also elevated the importance of cinema in artisticdiscussions, placing it on a peer level with the other fine arts. This is bothbecause of the blurring of distinctions between high andlow forms, and because of the recognition that cinema representedthe creation of simulacra which was later duplicated in the other arts. (Wikipedia,2005) Inthis dissertation, we shall be analyzing aspects of sensory theatre as has beenexplored and toyed with by some great artisans of the craft. Despite anyproblems we have with wholesale rejection of this type of theatre, in the interestof fair-minded and complete research, we shall pay due attention to theAristotelian school of thought. That which claims that theatre is a particulartype of experience, one from which the audience member should feel cleansed andhave learnt a lesson. This is a valid point of view, one which we shallthoroughly explore in order to see if it is indeed more artisticallyjustifiable than sensory theatre. Afterexploring Aristotles opinions, we shall look in further depth at the nature ofsensory theatre. What does this term mean? How is each sense tapped? Can themelding of experiences of several senses which are simultaneously stimulatedprovide an elevating experience? For this exploration, we shall use the casestudy of Dwr (water in Welsh), a sensory piece of theatre put on in2003, using water, light and various materials to explore reactions amongst itsaudience. The reasons for using this play are that it was an audiovisualexperience as well as a mere theatrical one as projections and cameras were anintegral part of the performance. Furthermore, the sensory effect of theaudience can be better analyzed as members of the audience were also used inthe play, their reactions helping to define the type of sensory experience. However, Dwr also gives us a good example of Brechtian theatre for the number of levels the play takes on. The actors themselves act as facilitators for the audience to receive personal sensory experiences. With only a minority of audience members taking part in the play, we can gain two further levels of emotional depth and complexity. The general background of the audience will see their emotions and senses assailed by the movements, gestures and decisions of those taking part while this minority will be subjected to sensory input and emit feedback with no room for forethought or planning ahead. Thus, we shall provide a very definite and interesting example to back up any clear defining of sensory theatre we come to. We shall also look at how Dwr fits into the patterns of sensory theatre created by Brecht and Artaud and how its attitude towards its audience defines this multi-tiered theatre as one of the crucial points of sensory theatre. However,no analysis of sensory theatre without detailed research into the works ofpioneers of the genre. Here, we have chosen to look at Bertolt Brecht andAntonin Artaud, each for specific reasons. Brechts attitude, utterly inconflict with the age-old Aristotelian views of theatre, helped build hisreputation as an agitateur who decided to stamp his own distinctive markupon an art form he viewed as static. Thus, the habits of Brechtian theatre oftotal acknowledgement of the audience caused as much mirth as it did anger. Onthe other hand, Artaud provided his audience with a completely integralexperience. By using sensory theatre to deny audience members their usual rightto involve themselves in a performance to a degree of their choice, Artaud madesure his plays would deeply shock his audiences. We will be exploring Artaudstechniques as well as his reasons for providing this kind of theatre. It is the goal of this dissertation to highlight the differences that make sensory theatre an integral genre of its own, containing so many outlets for creativity, expression and emotional impact as to make it not only an interesting part of theatre but an essential one. Its recent resurgence will thus provide us with an ideal platform from which to assess its meaning to a modern audience. TheAristotelian view of theatrical norms Goodoratory can blow the walls off brick buildings. Not just in the real world ofpolitical speeches or rallies but in the arts as well. As one of the only formsof human expression where no point of view is unheard, no eventuality unconsidered,no leaf left unturned, theatre has throughout its history naturally overthrownand shrugged off any shackles or conventions attached to it. This idea couldgive rise to an impression of mayhem and anarchy in an art form that had runaway with its own importance. As one of the leading figures in the history ofliterature, Aristotles views on the nature and importance of theatre arewell-documented and naturally thought of as still relevant today. Aristotlehad the very human characteristic of harking back to the good old days, andthinking them much better than the days in which he lived. Taking scant accountof Aeschylus,he regarded Sophoclesand Euripidesas models in tragedy. His chief complaints were that the poets of his own timespoiled their work by rhetorical display; that the actor was often of moreimportance than the play; and that the poets tampered with the plot in order togive a favorite actor an opportunity of displaying his special talent. He saidthat the poets were deficient in the power of portraying character, and that itwas not even fair to compare them with the giants of the former era. (FletcherBellinger, pp.61, 1967) However,in the matter of sensory theatre, we run into an area of some problems. Beingof a conservative mind-set which appreciated theatre for the moral lessonscontained within the narrative, Aristotle worshipped Sophocles with hisstraight and narrow approach to theatrical drama whilst eschewing the work ofhis contemporaries as being too popular, too watered down to meet the needs ofa public desirous of less preaching and more fun within the theatre. Aristotlepossessed perhaps what could be interpreted as a rather narrow view in that hesaw tragedy as the greatest form of dramatic expression, almost utterly passingoff on comedy as mere fluff as compared to tragedy with the great lessonscontained within it. Furthermore, Aristotle also considered tragedy to bemagnificent when it also contained a clear and well constructed narrativeframework and mythological references to the deeds of greater men and gods in anobler past. Although Aristotles writings on these topics did make a lot ofsense, they are considered somewhat restrictive and far too imbued with theirown authority to be seen as of much use today. After all, in a society wherethe possibilities of theatre are slowly catching up with those of television orcinema as directors, playwrights and stage designers are always exploring newavenues of performance, Aristotles three unities of time, place and actionseem ready to be retired. Their far-too stringent requirements of both cast andcrew make them almost impossible to operate in the modern world of freetheatre. This is no longer a society where the writings of one man, whoever he may be, carry enough influence to truly make as significant an impact as in Ancient Greece. It is not to say that Aristotle should be disregarded but concerning sensory theatre, rules relating how plot should be more important than character and how all the action in a tragedy should be centered around a personage of importance to better capture the attention of a fickle audience seem slightly moot. Its relevance is in the fact that much of what is known of theatrical conventions among a lay audience is heavily based on Ancient Greek theatrical philosophy, particularly Aristotle. It is precisely this philosophy that sensory theatre will have to overcome in order to claim its place as a rightful and deserving genre of theatrical achievement across the globe. Visual,auditory, tactileDwr Choosingan example to illustrate the nature of sensory theatre is a tricky balancingact as one must therefore, in some way at least, pre-define ones understandingof the genre. How do we choose between the senses? After all, since the name ofsensory theatre does not make any kind of distinction, do we consider thesenses of sight and hearing more important than the other three since they areoverwhelmingly the most stimulated in matters of theatre? A distinction such asthis would make sense certainly but since sensory theatre is often seen asstanding alone from usual theatre, perhaps it would be unfair to appraise itthanks to assumptions based on more conventional modes of theatre. Instead,the best way to gain a true idea of sensory theatres range of potentialimpacts would be to base an example upon several criteria. Firstly, although itwould be somewhat over-expectant to try and find a play which could tap allfive of our senses, several attempts at sensory theatre have successfullyenga ged audiences on three senses, if not four. Herein has been chosen Dwr,a Welsh piece put on in 2003 in Aberystwyth and then broadcast on S4C on thearts programme, Croma. Theset-up of the piece was simple. The audience were seated on one side of thestage on a raised-up area, overlooking a long perpendicular dinner table. Theinside of the table, rather than being an ordinary flat surface, had beenhollowed in order to form a shallow pool about six inches deep along thetables entire length. The pool was filled with a level amount of clear waterat the bottom of which a table had been set ready for dinner, complete withplates, cutlery, glasses and napkins. Above the audience, shining down upon thetable was a strong projector which reflected the pool of water onto a backprojection screen in a way which magnified and increased the shadows cast byany ripples in the water. Six audience members were asked to be seated at thetable, as if for dinner before being submitted to a range of experiences by theactors whilst cameras recorded their reactions. These sensory experiments allinvolved stimulation of an audience member in matters of sight, sound, taste orfeelin g. We shall look at the manner in which each of these senses was tappedas well as Dwrs technical set-up. Firstof all, if one were to ask any theatre-goers, it would be certain that even themost intermittent of these would claim the two most stimulated senses in thetheatre are that of sight and hearing. Whilst conventional thinking would allowthis to be true, a cynical perspective would add that since our behinds orfeet, depending on posture, contribute much to the enjoyment of a theatricalperformance three senses, not two, must all be satisfied for a performance tobe considered praise-worthy. After all, although stage design is an oftforgotten art among those who are not privileged to the inner workings oftheatre, the choice of venue often signifies how an audience will feel duringthe performance. Stage design is often considered only in terms of sets, propsand technical apparatus whilst the idea of crowd comfort is often overlooked. In the case of Dwr, the crowd comfort was adequate but the truly interesting phenomenon for the audience of this play was that their peers were submitted to the action contained within it. The stage design was such that the light poured onto the water was bright enough to cause the right amount of shadow reflection whilst not blinding either the audience or the actors. This careful use of projection in order to achieve the desired effect was a technique made famous of Josef Svoboda who pioneered the use of audiovisual projection in theatre to enhance the general experience. The stimulation capabilities of a performance, when combined with camera and sound equipment, is vastly heightened thus cementing Svoboda as one of the great names of sensory theatre. Asfar as the audience members who became a part of the performance itself, thesenses stimulated were done so in a way which gave every sense the time tofully absorb the impact of its experience. First of all, each audience memberwas seated at the table in the guise of a dinner guest but asked not to talk toeach other or carry out any action except if indicated to do so by one of thesurrounding cast. First of all, each dinner guest was asked to remove theirshoes and socks before climbing onto the table into the water. The stage itselfwas kept at a warm temperature in contrast to the cold water, making the changein surroundings quite drastic. Then, the audience member was asked to burst aplastic bag full of water with a long hooked pole. The water would thus droponto the audience member along with a fake plaster egg. The audience member would then be lead back to their seat, given a towel to dry off before being given two chopsticks. After breaking the egg on the side of the table, the contents would then be spilt onto the plate just below the surface of the water. Each egg contained some food coloring, spreading across the table along with the ripples, along with a small piece of paper. Each piece of paper showed the face of a man, wearing different emotions, whilst a brief poem on the back seemed to explain the expression, a poem that would be read by one of the surrounding cast to the relevant audience member. The relationship between the pictures and the poems may not have been immediately obvious but the reactions of the audience members were still assured to be both personal, if not natural due to unusual surroundings and odd experiences. These reactions were filmed by the technical crew on video cameras, adding another level of complexity to the performance as the traditional boundaries between cast and crew become blurred. Furthermore, Dwrs entire performance was played out under a constantly shifting pattern of music which although always instrumental would speed up in tone or gently slow down in function of events happening in the play. Thepurpose of using Dwr as an illustration of the modern applications ofsensory theatre and its meaning to a present-day audience is threefold. Firstof all, the timing of the piece and its broadcasting on a national channelalong with subsequent interviews with the chosen audience members proves theinterest placed in it by a major broadcaster as the BBC has major impact uponS4C scheduling. Secondly, the sensual experience of the show provided afascinating outlet for the audience members, both for those who took an activepart or a passive part, to find out more about what constitutes modern sensorytheatre. Although the audience numbers for this show were relatively small and thus can only provide us with a minor cross-section of theatre-goers, the positive feedback gained at the end during the interviews can give a lot of hope as to the future of sensory theatre. Finally, to use an example such as Dwr gives us a view as to what kind of reaction this genre of theatre would meet with. Dwr covers a broad base of sensory theatre as its performance, not only stimulating several of the senses themselves, dealt with a range of theatrical theories and ideologies which we shall look at in further detail. By separating audience members from each other, creating many layers of reality between crew and cast, audience and cast and audience and crew, Dwr rejectedmany traditional aspects of theatrical performance. However, by engaging its audience/cast members with an individual experience through the messages contained within the eggshells and filming their response, Dwr could be said to have engaged with a more conservative Aristotelian version of theatre. Each audience member not involved with the show directly as a dinner guest will have experience the play as a visual and auditive experience but it is for the six members of the audience at each performance that Dwr transcended the limits of ordinary theatre and became a emotional and sensory journey felt by each in their own individual way. Below, we will be casting an eye at the ways in which theatrical pioneers such as Brecht and Artaud tackled the rigours and the conventions of an art form that they viewed as being a free form, lacking in any structural restrictions. Before doing so, we can still observe that even if Dwr did pander even the slightest bit towards an Aristotelian theatre, the main body of its performance was firmly in the territory of Artaud as we can see when applying this passage to precisely the type of theatre Dwr tries to avoid. If people are out of thehabit of going to the theater, if we have all finally come to think of theateras an inferior art, a means of popular distraction, and to use it as an outletfor our worst instincts, it is because we have learned too well what thetheater has been, namely, falsehood and illusion. It is because we have beenaccustomed for four hundred years, that is since the Renaissance, to a purelydescriptive and narrative theater storytelling psychology; it is becauseevery possible ingenuity has been exerted in bringing to life on the stageplausible but detached beings, with the spectacle on one side, the public onthe other and because the public is no longer shown anything but the mirrorof itself. Shakespeare himself is responsible for this aberration and decline,this disinterested idea of the theater which wishes a theatrical performance toleave the public intact, without setting off one image that will shake theorganism to its foundations and leave an ineffaceable scar. If, in Shakespeare,man is sometimes preoccupied with what transcends him, it is always in order todetermine the ultimate consequences of this preoccupation within him, i.e.,psychology. (Artaud,No More Masterpieces, 1976) Evensuch divides as between audience and actors, theatrical conventions that are sohabitual as to often be altogether forgotten, were not sacrosanct enough fordirectors, playwrights and actors such as Brecht, Artaud and Svoboda. TheBrechtian impact or the alienation of theatrical tradition Earlierin this dissertation, it was suggested that Aristotles views on theatre andsubsequent impact thereon had diminished somewhat with the dawn of a time wherethe philosophies of the Ancient Greeks mattered little. However, the centuriesthat his views transcended have signified that they could not dissipate soquickly. Many modern opinions on theatre, however avant-garde or post-modernistthey wish or claim to be, are still formed largely on the back of the opinionsof men such as Aristotle. However, this obstacle would be taken to piece by menand women like Brecht, who wished not to merely co-exist with existing viewsbut confront their defenders and destroy the ideological entrenchment that manytheatre critics had resorted to in the face of the changes sweeping throughtheir beloved art form. In his early plays, Brechtexperimented with dada and expressionism, but in his later work, he developed astyle more suited his own unique vision. He detested theAristotelian drama and its attempts to lure the spectator into akind of trance-like state, a total identification with the hero to the point ofcomplete self-oblivion, resulting in feelings of terror and pity and,ultimately, an emotional catharsis. He didnt want his audience to feelemotionshe wanted them to thinkand towards this end, he determined todestroy the theatrical illusion, and, thus, that dull trance-like state he sodespised. The result of Brechts research was a technique known asverfremdungseffekt or the alienation effect. It wasdesigned to encourage the audience to retain their critical detachment. (Imagi-nation,2003) Thisis not to say though that to achieve such an accomplishment was possible formerely any theatrical commentator. It took men of special gumption, gravitasand guts to dare attack such a powerful establishment as that of traditionaltheatre. Bertolt Brecht was one of these. Blessed with the ability to fightbattles on several fronts whilst still maintaining a clear head, Brecht beganto cause controversy early on in his career. Looking to fulfill a desire formore relevant and modern theatre amongst German theatre-going audiences,Brecht, through plays such as Drums in the Night and with therecognition of director Erich Engel, flirted with an expressionistic style thatbefitted his rising status but left Brecht himself feeling uncomfortable.Although his style was becoming fashionable and it would undoubtedly havebrought him his time in the spotlight, Brecht felt that he should discover aplaywriting identity which was his own and not borrowed from anybody else. Ifwe consider that at this ti me Brecht was writing in post World War I Germany,we can observe the bravery it must have taken for him to make this type ofdecision. Duringthe turbulent years of the socialist rise in Germany and the Weimar Republic,Brecht knew a modest amount of success in both theatre and literature thanks toplays such as In the Jungle of the Cities and his partnership with Engeland Hans Eisler but he was only just beginning to find his feet in a style allof his own. The final step in this direction would be his years with his owncollective of writers, the most famous fruit of which would be the Lehrstuckewhich would form the root of the theatrical changes and theories we thinkof as Brechtian today. Lehrstucke propounded that passive audiences werea thing of the past in matters of theatre and that it was necessary foraudiences to become more actively involved in a performance whilst keeping astrong level of emotional distance in order to remain capable of rational thoughtand criticism. This collection of thoughts would slowly pass into commonpractice in theatrical troupes and communities around the world, a practiceknown as epic theatre. Epictheatre today may seem as historical and passÃÆ'ÂÂ © as Aristotles views did forBrecht but the truth is that the numerous and varied adaptations of epictheatre have formed much of todays common theatrical practices. Before Brecht,the demarcation between the audience and the actors was sacrosanct. SinceAristotle, the status of the star actor had risen so much that now actors wouldmerely be cast in a role that was known to be in their repertoire, a fact whichcould lead to truly spectacular levels of diva treatment or ridiculouscastings. Take for example Sarah Bernhardt whose notoriety had reached suchproportions that she cast herself as Hamlet. This is not to say there isanything wrong with female actors playing traditionally male Shakespeareanparts but it is the manner in which Bernhardt carried out this casting that madethe situation ridiculous. Aristotle lamented this type of situation as beingone of the great plagues striking tragedy theatre whilst Brecht merely laughedat it and lambasted it in his own style. His patented Verfremdungseffekt (or estrangement effect) was a sweepingly original style which not only acknowledged the audience as a part of a theatrical production and encouraged them to change their own attitudes to theatre. Instead of allowing traditional suspension of disbelief and letting audiences feel as if they were watching a truthful event, Brecht went out of his way to remind them that what they saw was a representation, a mirror onto reality and never reality itself. This was carried out by having actors suddenly break character and address the audience to explain the plot, grossly over-exaggerated props or sets in the middle of an otherwise serious play or great placards on the stage asking the audience to behave in a certain way by ignoring a particular happening or to stare less romantically. These unusual situations for an audience confused them and alienated them from the play, hence the name alienation or estrangement effect. This separation from conventional thea trical theory became very fashionable after the war in both America where he lived until being pestered by HUAC and in communist East Germany where he resided until his death in 1953. The appeal of Brechts type of theatre across the globe speaks volumes about how the traditions of theatre were rejected by a large section of theatre going audiences. The sensory feel of the Verfremdungseffekt were indirect but by creating this new separation of audience and stage in an allegorical as well as in a physical sense, Brechtian theatre enabled its audiences and directors to experiment with new sensations. The greatest example of this is in some of Brechts later plays such as The Good Person of Szechwan and Galileo. For example, in Galileo, the portrait he paints of the astronomer is of a tortured soul wracked between his scientific duty to tell the truth to an unsuspecting world and the threat of vengeance from the dark figure of the Grand Inquisitor. This moral dilemma was planned by Brecht as a way to get his audience to think rationally about the situation and contemplate what they would do in such a situation rather than feeling sorry for Galileo. However, if Brecht had one failing, it was that despite his ability to meld together a myriad of sources into a convincing single narrative, he did not understand the human nature of his public. Persuaded that with the right play, he could force his audience into abandoning their emotional side, whether he realized it or not Brecht was asking people to set aside the precise reason most of them came to the theatre. His theories resulted in a number of epic dramas, among them Mother Courage and Her Children which tells the story of a travelling merchant who earns her living by following the Swedish and Imperial armies with her covered wagon and selling them supplies: clothing, food, brandy, etc As the war grows heated, Mother Courage finds that this profession has put her and her children in danger, but the old woman doggedly refuses to give up her wagon. Mother Courage and Her Children was both a triumph and a failure for Brecht. Although the play was a great success, he never managed to achieve in his audience the unemotional, analytical response he desired. Audiences never fail to be moved by the plight of the stubborn old woman. (Imagi-nation, 2003) Anemotional journey where characters could and should be empathized with orcondemned was much of what has always constituted theatres engagement. Eventhe averagely smart and aware audience member does not need the moral absolutesof right and wrong as claimed by Aristotle but the desire to identify with oneor more of the central characters instead of merely rationalizing about theirfates without feeling was too strong in the vast majority of theatre-goers. Brechtis claimed doubly to be both a modernist or one of the first post-modernists.Although some claims have been made that a taste for his kind of theatre quicklyinspires in the face of so much cynicism, his importance and the size of hisimpact upon world theatre cannot be underplayed. Today, many of his conventionsare so common as to be taken for granted whilst a collective of Brechtiansstill operates and remains as long-standing proof to the glory of his genius. Conventionalrelief in theatre and Artauds rejection of it Everygeneration is locked in a perpetual struggle with those that come both beforeand after to break free from the shackles of their ancestral traditions, carvetheir own identity and thus prepare the way for a similar fight with thegenerations that are to follow. Although social morays may seem to remain stilland constant, this is only an illusion, one that can only too easily be piercedby artistic expression. Artists have often been marginalized as second-ratemembers of society, ones that are not indispensable to the everyday running ofour lives. Seen as not producing useful since all their efforts did not feed,clothe or warm anybody, it became a painful reality that if actors or musicianswanted to survive, they were required to curtail any creativity and pander toprecisely what their audiences desired. While this unfortunate turn of events could be passed off as a mere passage in the history of theatre, it left behind some highly tell-tale signs. The simplest of these is that from the Renaissance onward through the Classical period, theatre had become significant with escapism. The majority of plays, and here one cannot deny Aristotles continuing influence, harked back to former days lamenting a fallen age of glory, honour and noble deeds. Whilst this fond reminiscing was unimpeachable in its desire to awaken a better side of humanity in audiences, it often met with boredom and

A Comparison of Pride in King Lear and The Duchess of Malfi Essay

The Sin of Pride Exposed in King Lear, and The Duchess of Malfi  Ã‚   In this brief monograph, we shall be hunting down and examining various creatures from the bestiary of Medieval/Renaissance thought. Among these are the fierce lion of imperious, egotistical power, a pair of fantastic peacocks, one of vanity, one of preening social status, and the docile lamb of humility. The lion and the peacocks are of the species known as pride, while the lamb is of an entirely different, in fact antithetical race, that of humility and forgiveness. The textual regions we shall be exploring include the diverse expanses, from palace to heath, of William Shakespeare, the dark, sinister Italy of John Webster, and the perfumed lady's chambers of Ben Jonson and Robert Herrick. The tragic hero of Shakespeare's King Lear is brought down, like all tragic heroes, by one fatal flaw, in this case pride, as well as pride's sister, folly. It is the King's egotistical demand for total love and, what's more, protestations of such from the daughter who loves him most, that set the stage for his downfall, as well as calling to the minds of the Elizabethan audience of Shakespeare's day the above-cited biblical edict. This daughter, Cordelia, can be seen as the humble lamb mentioned earlier, and her love and filial devotion go not only beyond that of her sisters (which is nil) but beyond words, thus enraging the proud king whose subsequent petulant rebukes extend to a bit of ironic Freudian projection: "Let pride, which she calls plainness, marry her" (I.i.125). Here, Shakespeare is emphasizing Lear's pride by having him indulge in the common tendency of despising in others (and in this case wrongly) what one is most guilty of oneself. Lear's rash pride ... ...in which it is supposed to have been written for a certain Lady Haughty, a name indicative of not a little touch of pride, pardon my litotes. So, to sum up, we have captured, examined, and tagged our various creatures of pride, and it is now time to set them free once more, to run wild over the four corners of the earth. The lions will devour all in their path with arrogant derision; the peacocks will peck and claw at one another as they jockey for position in their petty social circles, all the while pouting and preening, painting feathers on their feathers; and the lambs will go on being slaughtered in their docility, uttering never a scornful word, so that we may have lamb chops with mint jelly at Ruth's Chris with our beautiful, precisely made-up girl friends. "Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall." Proverbs 16:18   

Child Abuse and Major Long Term Essay

Description of the possible signs, symptoms, indicators and behaviours that may concern in the context of safeguarding Children are usually abused by someone in their immediate family cycle. This can include parents, brothers, sisters, babysitters and other familiar adult. Children can be abused by age of up to 18 years and they likely to be at risk of physical injuries, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse or verbal abuse. Child abuse can have major long term effects on all aspects of a child’s health, development and well being. The main forms of maltreatment are: Neglect sign; A child come to school usually with dirty skin, hair and clothes or without jacket in winter. Children in the school may feel hungry and tiredness or being left alone unsupervised. Even then they are sick not taken to GP for medical treatment. A child frequently absent from school and beg steal food or money. Possible symptom: A child appear to be indifferent and a child seems apathetic depressed. A lso the a child behave irrationally or in a bizarre manner. ————————————————- Impact of neglect: Impact of neglecting a child can cause brain damage and also have psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological problem often manifest as high risk behaviour problem, depression and anxiety in children Emotion abuse: When a child feel furious, sad and crying and behaving inappropriately in the class that mean he is being emotional abused. Sign: When a child is being emotional abused he may chose dark colour to paint on the paper. Feeling low self esteem, seeking attention from others, behaviour difficulties, continual rocking, hair twisting, delayed development Possible symptom: CYP will delayed in languages development and play skills and have impaired ability to enjoyment in play. Not trusting other and feeling nervous all the time. CYP will feel guilty, ashamed and withdrawal of social interaction. Their mode will change and they frequently blaming others people. ——————†”—————————- Effects: emotional abuse is the most difficult form of a child maltreatment identify and to prevent. Babies who are emotionally abused may slow or fail to develop. Physical abuse Signs: Physical abuse is when children are being physical abused by someone. This can be involved hitting, biting, punching,  kicking, burning, scalding, shaking, throwing or beating with object such as stick and belt. It also includes poisoning, giving a child alcohol, drug Symptoms: Practitioner need to have acknowledgement of physical abuse and there signs to protect children from harm. Any injuries which parent doesn’t inform practitioner or children may not received medical treatment, can raise concern of abuse. Sometime children may refused to change clothe on PE day because they want to hide their injuries signs ————————————————- Effects: Physical abuse can lead child physical injuries, disability and in extreme cases can cause death. Physical abuse has been link to emotional & aggressive behaviour in children as well as can cause learning difficulties. Sexual abuse sign: Recurrent urinary infection, genital and rectal itching, blood in under paint and soreness, inappropriate behaviour and regarding age and ability, children may feel lack of trust, regression and become isolated and withdrawn Symptom: CYP will behave aggressive and disruptive behaviour and feeling afraid when they left alone. Difficulties in walking and setting and wearing so many layer of clothe. Change in behaviour around specific person and try to avoid familiar adult. Sexual acting and inappropriate sexual play. Also lack of interest playing with friend, sport and any other activities in the school. ————————————————- Effect; The severe effect of sexual abuse can be on children they may suffer mental health problem, depression, identity confusion, behaviour difficulties and also emotional problem. References Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Describe-That-Possible-Signs-Symptoms-Indicators-878910.html(5/11/2012) Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding http://www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13536 (5/11/2012) Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptomhttp://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/signs.cfm(6/11/2012) Meggitt C (2011) Cache Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People